Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 6(1): 1-10, 2019
pISSN:2356-8577 eISSN: 2356-6507
Journal homepage: http://ppmj.net/
∗
Corresponding author:
Gamal A.M. Abdu-Allah,
E-mail: gamalan@aun.edu.eg
1
Copyright © 2019
Seasonal incidence and efficacy of nano-
thiamethoxam on tomato leaf miner,
Liriomyza
trifolii
(Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Mohammed A. A. Saad
1
, Ahmed M. M. Ahmed
1
, Gamal A. M. Abdu-Allah
1
*, Hossam A. Ezz El-Din
1
, Hend A.
Mahmoud
2
,
Ali A. Othman
3
1
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
2
The Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Abstract
Keywords: seasonal abundance, tomato, leaf miner, climatic factors, thiamethoxam, nano insecticide.
Seasonal incidence of tomato leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera:
Agromyzidae), and evaluation of the new nano-formulation of thiamethoxam
insecticide under climatic factors that supplying the vital knowledge for
successful integrated pest management (IPM) programs. This study was
conducted in two successive seasons 2017-18/ 2018-19 on variety (no. 765) of
tomato that cultivated at the plant protection experimental Farm, Faculty of
Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. The numbers of mines on the
tomato leaf were recorded from the first of November to the first of the February
in the two seasons. The highest peak of mines was 28.34 mines/ plant in the 13
th
of December, 2018, while, it was 41.8/ plant in the January1
st
, 2019. Further, the
climatic factor analysis during the two studied seasons demonstrated that the
relative humidity was the most efficient factor (52.49 % out of 91.46 %), while
the temperature was the least effective one (8.67% out of 91.46%). The nano
thiamethoxam at the recommended dose (1x) of neonicotinoid insecticide
significantly reduced the mines compared to traditional thiamethoxam.
Furthermore, the half recommended dose of nano thiamethoxam in the two
tested seasons was equal in the efficacy to the traditional thiamethoxam (1x). The
reduction percentages were 86.87, 75.81 and 68.67 for nano-thiamethoxam (1x),
thiamethoxam (1x), and nano- thiamethoxam (½ x), respectively, in 2017-18 for
the first spray. In the same corresponding treatments, the values recorded were
78.94, 65.61and 62.75% in the second spray. Results of the second season (2018-
19) were in the same line, where, the reduction percentages were 84.23, 76.43 and
62.43% at first spray, while the second spray were 72.95, 65.40 and 59.31% for
nano-thiamethoxam (1x), thiamethoxam (1x) and nano- thiamethoxam (½ x),
respectively. These results suggested that, the relative humidity was the main
climatic factor effect on the mines population of Lirimyza trifolii. The nano-
thiamethoxam was significantly reduced the pest population. Results of this
study highly recommend using nano formulation in applying of IPM leaf miner
programs.
Saad et al., 2019
2
1. Introduction
Tomato,
Lycopersicon escuentum
Mill
(Family Solanaceae) is one of the most
daily consumed crops and has spread
widely all over the world due to high
nutritional value
)
Singh, 2017). This crop
is attacked by various insect pests such as
leaf miner,
Liriomyza trifolii
Burgess
(Diptera: Agromyzidae),
thrips,
Frankfiniella schuftezi
Trybon
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae), fruit borer,
Helicoverpa armigera
(Hubner)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), whitefly,
Bemisia tabaci
Genn. (Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae) and tomato leafminer,
Tuta
absoluta
(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae), (Patra et al., 2016; El-Aassar
et al., 2015). The leaf miner,
L. trifolii,
is
one of the most important insect pest that
the larvae cause mines in the leaves of
agricultural and ornamental plants by
feeding on leaf tissues forming tunnels in
the leaves for large variety of crops
(López
et al., 2010; El Bouhssini et al.,
2008; Hossain & Poehling, 2006).
Background information on relative
incidence and population dynamics is
essential before a strategy for managing
any insect pest.
L. tritolii
has been studied
with respect to population dynamics on
tomatoes, bean, and cucumber
(Chakraborty et al., 2004; Saradhi &
Patnaik, 2004; Jyani, 1999). Several
studies have been conducted on the
relationship between occurrence of
L.
tritolii
and weather parameters on tomato
(Chakraborty et al., 2004; Saradhi &
Patnaik, 2004; Zoebisch et al., 1992).
Chemical control is still the first line of
defense against various insect pests of
tomatoes. Extensive insecticide
applications have led to developing
resistance issue of tomato insect pest to
insecticide. Moreover, tomato fruits are
likely to retain high levels of pesticide
residues that may not only be hazardous
to consumers, but may also affect the
quality to exports (Patra
et al.,
2016).
Thiamethoxam is one of insecticides
from a neonicotinoid group. Due to the
high potency and persistence of
neonicotinoid insecticides, it had
extensively used in last decade for
controlling several sucking insects and
leaf miner insect pests (Abdu-Allah &
Mohamed, 2017; Abd-Ella, 2014; Abdu-
Allah, 2012, 2011, 2010). The mode of
action of this group is binding
agonistically with the nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the
central nervous system of pest insects
(Nauen et al., 2001). It is necessary to
investigate for new ways to reduce the
pesticide residues of inside the fruits and
preserve the environment from pollution
(Tabikha & Hassan, 2015
(
. Therefore,
the use of nano-pesticides in the present
study is a modern way could be reduced
the resistance of pests to pesticides and
may be enhance the speed of their
degradation in the environment,. The
objectives of this study were to evaluate
the seasonal incidence of serpentine leaf
miner
, L. trifolii
on tomato and to study
the field efficacy of thiamethoxam at
nano size with different rates compared
with their traditional use at the
recommended rate against leaf miner,
L.
trifolii
on tomato.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Experimental design
The present study was conducted in the
10
th
of September during (2017-18 and
2018-19) at Plant Protection
Experimental Farm, Faculty of
Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut,
Egypt under traditional agricultural
practices. The randomized complete
block design (RCBD) was used for an
area of approximately 126 m
2
planted
with tomato variety 765 in 12 plots
Saad et al., 2019
3
(replicates). The plot size was 3×3.5 m
(replicate 10.5 m
2
) included three
terraces; each terrace was planted with 5
seedlings with considering three
replicates per insecticide treatment as
well as for the control.
2.2 Sampling and determination of
season incidence of
L. trifolii
Observation the number of mines/ plant
was recorded on three randomly selected
plants each treatment was at the first and
second week after spraying
(
Mohan &
Anitha, 2017). The collected samples
transferred to the Laboratory of
Economic Entomology. The upper and
lower surfaces of leaflets were examined
by binocular (Olympus VE-3- G20XT,
made in Japan) and the number of mines
were counted in the treated and
controlled plots in order to determine the
reduction percentages of nano and
traditional formulation beside the
incidence of
L. trifolii
under free
insecticide treatment. The reduction
percentages of nano and traditional
formulations of thiamethoxam were
calculated after 1 and 2 weeks after two
sprays per treatment using the formula of
Henderson and Tilton (1955).
no in Treatment after× no in Control before
Reduction%= 1- ×100
no in Treatment before× no in Control after
2.3 The field efficacy of nano and
traditional formulation of
thiamethoxam
The traditional formulation of
thiamethoxam (Neonicotinoids; trade
name: Actara 25% WG, 20g/ 100 L
water, Syngenta Agro, Egypt) was used
according to the recommended dose (1
gm/ 5L water). The nano formulation was
applied as the same recommended dose
and its half amount (1 and 0.5 gm/ 5L
water) using Knapsack hand spray fitted
with one nozzle and the control plots
were sprayed with water.
2.4 Nano preparation
The nano insecticides were prepared
depending on Top Down approach
according to the high energy ball milling
technique (FRITSCH, Pulversette- 2)
(Yadav & Vasu, 2016), was utilized for
size reduction. The average crystallite
size (
D
) was determined using Scherrer’s
equation (1918):
D
= k
λ
/
β
.cos
θ
The thiamethoxam average crystallite
size (
D
) was 12.4 ±1.1 nm.
2.5 The meteorological data
The experimental considered climatic
data were: the daily maximum
temperature °C (DMxT), daily minimum
temperature (DMnT) °C, relative
humidity (RH %), daily soil maximum
temperature (DSMxT) °C, and daily soil
minimum temperature °C (DSMnT)
which obtained from the metrological
station at the Farm of Faculty of
Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut,
Egypt from November to February
period of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019
seasons.
2.6 Statistical analysis
Data were pooled to statistical analysis
using F-test and mean separation was
compared according to Duncan’s
multiple Range Test (DMRT) of
significance at 5% by SASS program.
Simple, partial and multiple analysis
Saad et al., 2019
4
were carried out by mean of Advanced
Statistical Analysis Package (ASAP)
program. Figures were done using Graph
Pad Prism 5
TM
software (San Diego, CA).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Incidence of
L. trifolii
during the
first season (2017/ 2018)
In the beginning of the season when the
plant age was 74 days after transplanting,
the mean numbers of mines for
L. trifolii
was recorded the lowest in the peak
fluctuation with 21.83 mines /plant
(Table 1 and Figure 1). The climatic
factors were maximum temperature
24.96°C, minimum temperature 10.82°C,
maximum RH 80.21 %, minimum RH
25.93 %, soil maximum temperature
33.99 °C and soil minimum temperature
16.89°C. Afterwards, the population
when the plant age was 97 days, it
recorded the highest peak in the 13
th
of
December with 28.34 mines/ plant; when
the climatic factors: maximum
temperature (23.35°C), minimum
temperature 8.94°C, maximum RH 85%,
minimum RH 28.24%, soil maximum
temperature 29.39°C and soil minimum
temperature 12.99°C. After that the
population fluctuate decline till the end of
the season (24.67 mines /plant) in the 6
th
of February, 2018 maximum temperature
25.2°C, minimum temperature 7.4°C,
maximum RH 74.4 %, minimum RH
20.6 %, soil maximum temperature 29.97
°C, soil minimum temperature 10.63 °C;
while the plant age was 141 days (Table
1). The data in
Table 2 showed the effect
of both maximum and minimum relative
humidity on the population of
L. trifolii
where the highest mines peak recorded
under 85% and 28.24 %; respectively for
maximum and minimum temperature, as
well as, the correlation values were
positive (r = 0.315* and 0.662*;
respectively), for maximum and
minimum humidity. On the other side,
the plant age played an important role in
the fluctuation, as the mean of mines
were in low fluctuation due to the
shortage of humidity and the content of
chlorophyll in the seedlings in the
beginning of the season which makes the
plants un favorable for pest attack.
Therefore, the peak was recorded when
the plants are in 97 days after
transplanting (r = 0.435 *). These results
are in agreement with the findings of
Dhillon and Sharma (2010) on
L. trifolii.
They stated that there was a significant
positive association with relative
humidity (r = 0.46**), while these results
are not in agreement with the findings of
Shilpakala and Murali Krishna (2016)
who found positive association with
maximum temperature and minimum
temperature while negative association
with relative humidity.
3.2 Incidence of
L. trifolii
during the
second season (2018/ 2019)
The occurrence of
L. trifolii
in the second
of the season when the plant age was 79
days after transplanting recorded in low
levels with mean numbers of mines (25.5
mines/ plant). Gradually, the mean of
mines increased to moderate levels of
abundance during the times of sampling
in December. The highest peak was
occurred in the 1
st
of January, 2019 (41.8
mines/ plant). Then, by the end of the
season the population was in high levels
of fluctuation (36.8 mines/ plant) (Table
1). The population fluctuation
of L.
trifolii
was controlled by both the
Saad et al., 2019
5
maximum and minimum temperatures of
weather and soil temperature, as they
showed negative correlation with the
mean number of mines r= -0.753*, -
0.569* and -0.671*, -0.566*;
respectively, for the maximum and
minimum temperatures of weather and
soil maximum and minimum
temperature. This might be occurred
because the considered temperatures are
mainly affect plant humidity which
directly influences the dynamics of
L.
trifolii
number. These results were in
agreement with
Variya and Bhut (2014)
who reported that the correlation studies
indicated that number of mines, larvae as
well as percent damaged leaves had
significant negative correlation with
maximum temperature (-0.68162**, -
0.71533** and -0.71308**, respectively)
and minimum temperature (-0.78761**, -
0.82541** and -0.82630**,
respectively)
.
While these results are not
in agreement with the findings of
Shalaby et al. (2012) on
L. trifolii, Aphis
craccivora
and
Empoasca discipiens
who
reported that, the results indicated that
significant correlation between the
populations of insects and daily mean of
maximum and minimum temperatures
(r= 0.511 and 0.793), during 2008/2009
season.
Table 1: Incidence of L. trifolii in relation to plant age and climatic factors on tomato cultivar 765
under free insecticides during 2017/ 2018 and 2018/ 2019 seasons at Assiut, Egypt.
Season
Sampling date
Mean mine
numbers /
plant
Plant age
(Day)
Temperature
(°C)
Relative
Humidity
RH (%)
Soil Temperature
at 5 cm (°C)
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
2017/ 2018
Nov., 29
th
, 2017
21.83
74
24.96
10.82
80.21
25.93
33.99
16.89
Dec.,6
th
,2017
26.94
80
25.80
9.20
82.20
26.60
31.29
13.56
Dec .,13
th
, 2017
28.34
97
23.35
8.94
85.00
28.24
29.39
12.99
Jan .,22
th
, 2018
23.61
127
20.38
6.48
80.57
26.76
27.14
9.66
Jan .,29
th
, 2018
26.75
134
19.68
6.31
84.25
32.13
26.71
10.09
Feb .,6
th
, 2018
24.67
141
25.2
7.40
74.40
20.60
29.97
10.63
2018/ 2019
Nov .,27
th
, 2018
25.50
79
26.23
12.81
76.77
26.46
35.85
17.91
Dec .,4
th
, 2018
28.80
86
23.86
10.71
79.14
28.00
31.86
15.89
Dec .,11
th
, 2018
26.90
93
21.00
8.43
86.71
35.86
29.89
13.54
Dec .,25
th
, 2018
35.40
107
21.29
7.79
84.21
34.57
28.94
12.11
Jan .,1
st
, 2019
41.80
114
18.86
7.00
84.00
39.14
26.97
10.91
Jan .,8
th
, 2019
36.80
121
17.86
5.86
80.43
31.29
26.77
9.49
3.3 Efficiency percentage of considered
factors on the fluctuations of
L. trifolii
during the seasons (2017/ 2018 and
2018/ 2019)
The considered of abiotic factors (Table
2) was significantly participated together
in regulating the population abundance of
L. trifolii
with 91.46 %. The influence of
these factors could be arranged according
to the efficiency from the most to the
least efficient factor as following:
maximum relative humidity
)
30.06 %),
minimum relative humidity (22.88 %),
plant age (17.86 %), weather minimum
temperature (8.62 %), soil minimum
temperature (7.13 %), soil maximum
temperature (5.02 %), and weather
maximum temperature (0.05 %) out of
91.46 %.
Saad et al., 2019
6
Figure 1: Mean of mines for L. trifolii (A) 2017/2018, (C) 2018\2019 and its
correlation with abiotic factors (B) 2017/2018, (D) 2018/2019 on different
sampling dates.
The significant effect of the tested
climatic factors was obvious along the
year of study and in the same line with
the results of Tabikha and Hassan (2015)
who found that the combined effect of
four climatic factors as a group was
34.09% (F= 8.274***, P=0.0001) and
35.76% (F= 8.908***, P=0.0001) during
2013 and 2014 seasons, respectively on
population density of tomato leaf miner
males of
Tuta absoluta.
3.4 Efficacy of nano and traditional
formulations of thiamethoxam against
L. trifolii
during 2017-2018 / 2018-2019
seasons
The grand mean reduction percentages of
mines were decreased significantly with
nano-thiamethoxam (1x) than the
traditional formula. Also, the mine
reduction of half rate of nano-
thiamethoxam (0.5x) had no significant
difference from the reduction caused 1x
rate of traditional thiamethoxam. The
mines reduction % were 86.87, 75.81,
68.67and 78.94, 65.61, 62.75% for1x
rate of nano-thiamethoxam, 1x rate of
traditional thiamethoxam and 0.5x of
nano-thiamethoxam at first and second
spray, respectively in the 1
st
season
2017/2018. In the second season 2018-
2019, the same trend of reduction was
observed, meanwhile the nano1x rate of
thiamethoxam showed the highest mine
reduction % than 1x traditional of
thiamethoxam. Also, the half rate of
nano could give the same efficiency as
the 1x rate of traditional thiamethoxam.
The grand mean of reduction % were
84.23, 76.43, 62.43 and 72.95, 65.40,
59.31% for nano 1x of thiamethoxam,
traditional 1x and 0.5x nano for 1
st
and
2
nd
spray, respectively (Table 3).
Saad et al., 2019
7
Table 2: Multiple-regression analysis between the mean numbers of
mines for L. trifolii and the considered climatic factors during 2017/
2018 and 2018/ 2019 seasons at Assiut, Egypt.
Variables
The correlation coefficient values of L. trifolii
r
R
R
2
× 100
Efficiency (%)
None
--
0.956
91.46
--
Plant age
0.435
*
0.895
80.10
17.68
Max. Tem
-0.753
*
0.956
91.43
0.05
Min. Tem
-0.569
*
0.926
85.93
8.62
Max .RH
0.315
*
0.876
76.76
22.88
Min .RH
0.662
*
0.849
72.15
30.06
S. Max. Tem
-0.671
*
0.939
88.23
5.02
S. Min. Tem
-0.566
*
0.932
86.88
7.13
r= Simple correlation coefficient, R= Multiple regression coefficient,
R
2
=Coefficient of determination.
*
Significant at 5 % level of
probability.
Results of the first and second spray
during 2017-2018/ 2018-2019 indicated
that nano- thiamethoxam insecticide
significantly reduced the mines of
L.
trifolii
larvae when the recommended
dose was used. It is of interest to point
herein that the tested insecticide showed
great effect on
L. trifolii
; this may be due
to the differences between the particle
size, penetration of the plant, and the
prevailing environmental conditions
during experimental 2017-2019 seasons.
All these factors can play a role on the
pesticide disappearance among plants
and influencing the efficiency of the
tested insecticide.
Table 3: Reduction percentages after treatments with grand means for nano and traditional formulation of
thiamethoxam against L. trifolii on tomato cultivar 765 under field conditions during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019
seasons.
Season
No. Spray
Treatments
Pre-
Treatments
Post- Treatments
Grand means
(1
st
and 2
nd
week)
1
st
Week
R (%)*
2
nd
Week
R (%)*
No.
R (%)*
2017/ 2018
1
st
Spray
Control
21.83
28.34
--
26.94
--
27.64
--
Thiamethoxam 1x
28.50
6.50
82.43 a
10.83
69.20 b
8.67
75.81 b
Nano-Thiamethoxam 1x
26.75
4.44
87.20 a
4.44
86.54 a
4.44
86.87 a
Nano –Thiamethoxam 0.5x
18.75
6.83
71.92 b
8.00
65.43 b
7.42
68.67 b
2
nd
Spray
Control
23.61
26.75
--
24.67
--
25.71
--
Thiamethoxam1x
22.11
7.83
68.73 a
8.67
62.48 a
8.25
65.61 b
Nano-Thiamethoxam1x
25.67
4.78
83.57 a
6.89
74.31 a
5.83
78.94 a
Nano –Thiamethoxam 0.5x
24.72
8.67
69.06 a
11.25
56.44 a
9.96
62.75 b
2018/ 2019
1
st
Spray
Control
25.47
26.90
--
28.78
--
27.84
--
Thiamethoxam1x
24.73
5.67
78.31 a
7.11
74.55 ab
6.39
76.43 a
Nano-Thiamethoxam1x
28.56
6.08
79.83 a
3.67
88.63 a
4.88
84.23 a
Nano –Thiamethoxam 0.5x
23.56
8.78
64.73 b
10.61
60.14 b
9.69
62.43 b
2
nd
Spray
Control
35.44
41.78
--
36.78
--
39.28
--
Thiamethoxam1x
25.78
9.22
69.65 a
10.39
61.16 a
9.81
65.40 ab
Nano-Thiamethoxam1x
23.56
6.50
76.59 a
7.50
69.31 a
7.00
72.95 a
Nano-Thiamethoxam 0.5x
28.44
11.00
67.19 a
14.33
51.44 b
12.67
59.31 b
*Reduction percentage. 1x=Recommended rate. 0.5x= Half of recommended rate. Means, in the same column followed
by the same letter are not significantly different from each other at 5%probability level Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Saad et al., 2019
8
In the other hand nano-formulation
increases the efficiency of insecticides
and also reduces the dose level required
to control. In addition, pesticide
permeability during the layers outside the
surface of the plant depends on the
amount of pesticides used in the plant
tissues, and on the rate of demolition,
which also varies greatly depending on
the chemical composition of the
compound tested in the field conditions
(Farha et al., 2016). As for as it is known
according to available published research
the nano-thiamethoxam is used for the
first time on
L
.
trifolii
. The above
findings coincided with findings of that
Wankhade et al. (2014) who found that
the minimum leaf damage caused by
tomato leaf miner at 3 and 14 days’ post
spraying, and the leaf damage % was
21.56, 15.48% and 32.22, 27.94% for
thiamethoxam 25 WG 0.003 % and the
control, respectively. Also, thiamethoxam
25 WG 0.06 % recorded the lowest leaf
infestation 5.47% against the citrus leaf
miner (Dabhi & Barad, 2018). As well
as, thiamethoxam 25% WDG
significantly decreased the mines of
serpentine leaf miner than the control to
be 9.64 and 14.69 mines/ plant,
respectively in tomato fields (Singh,
2017). Our results concluded that
the
nano-thiamethoxam was significantly
reduced the leaf miner infestations and
showed more protection to tomato crop
than the traditional thiamethoxam
formulation. Further studies showed are
applied to other neonicotinoid
insecticides such as imidacloprid and
acetamiprid and the residual of nano-
neonicotinoid insecticides compared the
traditional one in agriculture foods.
Results of this study could be highly
recommend using nano-neonicotinoid
insecticides formulation in applying IPM
leaf miner programs with caution about
the probability side effects of this
formulation.
Acknowledgments
Thanks a lot, to Dr. Alhosein Hamada
Abd-El-Azeem Hassan, Associate
Professor, Department of Agronomy,
Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut
University, Egypt for the assistance of
the statistical analysis of the data.
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