Biological control of some garlic diseases using antagonistic fungi and bacteria
Keywords:
garlic, rhizobacteria, biofungicides, biofertilizers, TrichodermaAbstract
Eight Trichoderma isolates which isolated from rhizospher of garlic plant and one isolte T. asperellum was obtained on PDA medium, from the commercial product (Biocontrol T34). Also eleven isolates of rhizobacteria namly; B. subtilis, two isolates (Bs1 and Bs2), B.megaterium two isolates (Bm1and Bm2), P. fluorescens two isolates (Pf1 and Pf2), four isolates A. chroococcum (Az1, Az2, Az3 and Az4) and Penibacillus polymyxa one isolate were tested in vitro to study thir ability against S. ceprivorum , F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and P. terrestris which caused white rot, basal rot and pink rot of garlic plants, respectively. The results showed that Trichoderma isolate number (T3) gave the highest reduction on maycelial growth of three pathogenic fungi, which adentified as Trichoderma harzianum, followed T. asperellum (T34), then isolate (T5) and isolate (T7). which adentified as Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma hamatum, respectively. Pseudomonas. fluorescens isolate (Pf1), followed by P. fluorescens (Pf2), B. subtilis (Bs2), A. chroococcum (Az4) and B. subtilis (Bs1), then A. chroococcum (Az2), B. megaterium (Bm2) and Penibacillus polymyxa gave highly antagonistic effect was clear against the tested fungi respectively. A pot experiment was crried out under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the efficacy of commercial biofungicides biozeid , Bio-Arc, Plant Guard, T34 biocontrol and Rhizo-N, and biofertilizers Nitrobien, phosphoren, Biogen, Potassiumag, Ascobein and carialin were evaluated individually against garlic white rot, basal rot and pink rot diseases. Data showed that treated soil with biofungicides and biofertilizers reduced white rot, basal rot and pink rot diseases compared with the control. Treated soil with Rhizo-N, T34 biocontrol, Phosphoren and Nitrobien gave the best reduction of disease severity throughout two successive growing seasons.
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References
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Abdel-Kader MM, El-Mougy S. Nehal, Aly MDE, Lashin SM, 2012. Different approaches of bio-control agents for controlling root rot incidence of some vegetables under greenhouse conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2(1): 115–127.
Abo El-Ela A, 2003. Management of the three destructive soil borne fungal diseases of carnation under protected and field cultivation. Egyptian Journal of Botany 18(5):27–52.
Bakker AW, Schippers B, 1987. Microbial cyanide production in the rhizosphere in relation to potato yield reduction and Pseudomonas sp. Plant growth stimulation. Soil Biology biochemistry 19: 551.
Barnet HL, Hunter B, 1972. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, USA.
Behrani GQ, Syed RN, Abro MA, Jiskani MM, Khanzada MM, 2015. Pathogenicity and chemical control of basal rot of onion caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary 31: 60–70.
Belete E, Ayalew A, Ahmed S, 2015. Evaluation of local isolates of Trichoderma spp. against Black root rot (Fusarium solani) on Faba bean. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology 6(6): 279.
Bettucci L, Correa A, Roquebert MF, 1996. Trichozianins activity on mycelial growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under laboratory conditions. Cryptogamie Mycologie 17: 123–8.
Bhattacharjee R, Dey U, 2014. An overview of fungal and bacterial biopesticides to control plant pathogens/diseases. African Journal of Microbiology Research 8(17): 1749–1762.
Blaszczyk L, Siwulski M, Sobieralski K, Lisiecka L, Jedryczka M, 2014. Trichoderma spp. application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry. Journal of Plant Protection Research 54(4): 309–317.
Boerema GH, Gruyter de, Noordeloos J, Hamers MEC, 2004. Phoma Identification Manual. Differentiation of specific and intra-specific taxa in culture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
Booth C, 1985. The genus Fusarium. 2nd Ed., Surrey Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, 237 pp.
Brown M, 2012. Population of Azotobater in rhizosphere and effect of artificial inoculation. Plant and Soil 17(3): 15.
Brown W, 1924. A method of isolating single strains of fungi by cutting out a hyphal tip. Annals of Botany 38(150): 402–404.
Castillo HF, Reyes CF, Morales GG, Herrera RR, Aguilar C, 2013. Biological control of root pathogens by plant-growth promoting Bacillus spp. In: weed and pest control-conventional and new challenges. Intech Open, England.
Chemeda D, Melaku A, Alemu L, Tariku H, 2015. Integrated management of garlic white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk) using some fungicides and antifungal Trichoderma species. Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology 6(1): 1–9.
Chet I, 1987. Trichoderma -application, mode of action and potential as a biocontrol agent of soil borne plant pathogenic fungi. In: Innovative Approaches to Plant Diseases Control, Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
Chet I, Benhamou N, Haran S, 1998. Mycoparasitism and lytic enzymes. In: Harman GE, Kubicek CP (Eds.) Trichoderma and Gliocladium, vol 2. Enzymes, biological control and com-mercial applications. Taylor and Francis London, United Kingdom, pp. 153–171.
Chet J, 1990. Mycoparasitism–recognition, physiology and ecology. In: Baker RR, Dunn, PE (Eds) New Directions in Biological Control: Alternatives for. Suppressing Agricultural Pests and Diseases. Alan Liss, New York, pp. 725–733.
Chung IY, Wu WS, 2000. Effect of Bacillus megaterium. Review of Plant Pathology 80(1): 637.
Clarkson JP, Payne T, Mead A, Whipps JM, 2002. Selection of fungal biological control agents of Sclerotium cepivorum for control of white rot by sclerotial degradation in a UK soil. Plant Pathology 51(6): 735–745.
Coleman PM, Ellerbrock LA, 1997. Reachion of selected onion cultigens to pink root under field conditions in New York. Plant disease 81(2): 138–142.
Coskuntuna A, Ozer N, 2008. Biological control of onion basal rot disease using Trichoderma harzianum and induction of antifungal compounds in onion set following seed treatment. Crop Protection 27: 330–336.
Crowe F, Darnell T, Thornton M, Davis M, Mcgrath D, Koepsell P, Redondo E, Laborde J, 1993. White rot control studies show promise of better future. Onion World 9: 22–25.
Davis R, Hao JJ, Romberg MK, Nunez JJ, Smith RF, 2007. Efficacy of germination stimulants of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum for management of white rot of garlic. Plant Disease 91: 204–208.
Deising HB, Reimann S, Pascholati SF, 2008. Mechanisms and significance of fungicide resistance. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 39(2): 286–295.
Dhir B, 2017. Bio-fertilizers and Bio-pesticides: Eco-friendly Biological Agents. In Advances in Environmental Biotechnology, Springer, Singapore, pp. 167–188.
Dragana B, Maja I, Jelena M, Dragana M, Zorica N, Jelica G, Maja K, 2018. Bacillus isolates as potential biocontrol agents of Fusarium clove rot of garlic. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 105(4): 369–376.
Ellojita R, Pradyumna T, Satyabrata N, Sanghamitra N, Raj KJ, 2016. Evaluation of Cultivated and Wild Allium Accessions for Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Section B: Biological Sciences 86(3): 643–649.
El-Meneisy Afaf ZA, Samah Abdelaziz M, Rabaa Yaseen YK, 2019. Biological control of onion white rot disease using different Bacillus spp. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 19(1): 64–73.
El-Mougy Nehal S, Mokhtar Abdel-Kader M, 2019. Biocontrol measures against onion basal rot incidence under natural field conditions. Journal of Plant Pathology 101: 579–586.
El-Naggar MAA, Zaki MF, El-Shawadfy MA, 2018. Management of onion root-rot diseases caused by soil born fungi under Middle Sinai conditions. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences 8(1): 91–99.
El-Sayed Embaby M, 2006. Using a biofungicide (Coniothyrum minitans Campbell.) in controlling some soilborne plant pathogenic fungi in Egypt. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2(6): 423–432.
El-Sheshtawi M, El-Gazzar T, Saad ASM, 2009. Comparative study between chemical and Non- chemical control against sclrotium cepivorum, the casual white rot of onion under Egyptian conditions. Mansoura University Journal of Agricultural Sciences 34(3): 2169–2182.
Embaby El-Sayed M, 2003. Using some new trends in controlling some storage and soil pathogenic microorganisms affect onion crops productivity. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture Moshtohor, Zagazig University (Benha branch), Egypt.
Entwistle AR 1990. Allium white rot and its control. Soil Use and Management 6: 201–209.
Haggag Karima HE, Elshahawy IE, Abd-El-Khair H, 2015. Antagonistic Activity of Bacillus and Pseudomonas Isolates Alone or in Combination with fungicides against some soil borne plant pathogen under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 23(10): 2354–2365.
Hamma IL, Ibrahim U, Mohammed AB, 2013. Growth, yield and economic performance of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as influenced by farm yard manure and spacing in Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development 2(1): 1–5.
Howell CR, 1998. The role of antibiosis. In: Harman, G.E. & Kubicek, C.P. (Eds.) Trichoderma and Gliocladium. Vol 2. Enzymes, biological control, and commercial applications. Taylor & Francis, London, England, pp. 173–184.
Kubicek CP, Harman GE, 2002. Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Basic Biology, Taxonomy and Genetics. Vol. I, CRC Press, USA, pp. 278.
Laura GP, Dolores MRM, Daniel PL, 2017. In vitro and field efficacy of three fungicides against Fusarium bulb rot of garlic. European Journal of Plant Pathology 148: 321–328.
Leslie JF, Summerell BA, 2006. The fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, Iowa, USA, pp. 388.
Lorito M, Farkas V, Rebuffat S, Bodo B, Kucibek CP, 1996. Cell wall synthesis is a major target of mycoparasite antagonism by Trichoderma harzianum. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 6382–6385.
Mahdizadehnaraghi R, Heydari A, Zamanizadeh HR, Rezaee S, Nikan J, 2015. Biological control of garlic (Allium) white rot disease using antagonistic fungi-based bioformulations. Journal of Plant Protection Research 55(2): 136–141.
Malathi S, 2015. Biological control of onion basal rot caused byFusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 10(1): 21–26.
Manoj KM, Ramji S, Ajay T, 2014. In vitro evaluation of antagonistic activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens against fungal pathogen. Journal of Biopesticides 7(1): 43–46.
Martins N, Petropoulos S, Ferreira I, 2016. Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: a review. Food Chemistry 211: 41–50.
Mishra RK, Sharma P, Srivastava DK, Gupta RP, 2012. First report of Phoma terrestris causing pink root rot of onion in India. International Journal of Plant Research 25(2): 306–307.
Netzer D, Rabinowitch D, Weintal CH, 1985. Greenhouse technique to evaluate onion resistance to pink root. Euphytica 34: 385–391.
Poter IJ, Merriman PR, Keane PJ, 1989. Integrated control of pink root of onions by dazomet and soil solarization. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40: 861–869.
Rajendran K, Ranganathan K,1996. Biological control of onion basal rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae) by combined application of fungal and bacterial antagonists. Journal of Biological Control 10: 97–102.
Rakh RR, Raut SL, Dalvi MS, Manwar VA, 2011. Biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii, causing stem rot of Groundnut by Pseudomonas cf. monteilii. Journal of Microbiology 3: 26–34.
Rangaswami G, 1958. An agar blocks technique for isolating soil micro- organisms with special reference to pythiaceous fungi. Science and Culture 24: 85.
Rangaswami G, 1972. Diseases of crop plants in India. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp. 520.
Rengwalska MM, Simon PW, 1986. Laboratory evaluation of pink root and fusarium basal rot resistance in garlic. Plant Disease 70: 670–672.
Salama OUF, Mohamed IA, Ahmed EI, 2008. In vitro evaluation of the biocontrol activity of some biofungicides on Sclerotium cepivorum. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 10(3): 241–248.
Sallam Nashwa A, Riad Shaima N, Mohamed SM, Ahmed S, 2013. Formulation of Bacillus spp. And Pseudomonas fluorescens for biocontrol of cantaloupe root rot caused by Fusarium solani. Journal of Plant Protection Research 53(3): 296–300.
Schwartz HF, Mohan SK, 2008. Compendium of onion and garlic diseases. 2nd edn. American Phytopathological Society Press. St Paul, MN, USA.
Shalaby IMS, El-Korashy M, Ismail AA, 2002. Pink root of garlic in Egypt: Occurrence, Pathogenicity and its relation with basal rot. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science 17(10) 544–555.
Shalaby ME, Ghoniem KE, El-Diehi MA, 2013. Biological and fungicidal antagonism of Sclerotium cepivorum for controlling onion white rot disease. Annals of Microbiology 63: 1579–1589.
Shalaby SIM, Morsy SMA, Abd El Baky AA, 2012. Evaluation of some assays techniques for determination of susceptibllity of garlic cultivars to the pink root disease. Mansoura Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 3(7): 657–666.
Shatla MNZ, El-Shanawy AMB, Hanafi AA, 1980. Studies on Sclerotium cepivorum Berk Toxins. Menoufia Journal of Agriculture Research 3: 1–16.
Shi M, Chen L, Wang XW, Zhang T, Zhao PB, Song XY, 2012. Antimicrobial peptaibols from Trichoderma pseudokoningii induce programmed cell death in plant fungal pathogens. Microbiology 158: 166–175.
Waksman SA, 1922. A Method for Counting the Number of Fungi in the Soil. Journal of Bacteriology 7: 339–341.
Zlata DKS, Jelena TL, Stevan NM, Jelica MGV, Mirjana AV, Svjetlana RA, 2008. Fusarium rot of onion and possible use of bioproduct. Proceedings of the Matica Srpska for Natural Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia 114: 135—148.
Abdel-Kader MM, El-Mougy S. Nehal, Aly MDE, Lashin SM, 2012. Different approaches of bio-control agents for controlling root rot incidence of some vegetables under greenhouse conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2(1): 115–127.
Abo El-Ela A, 2003. Management of the three destructive soil borne fungal diseases of carnation under protected and field cultivation. Egyptian Journal of Botany 18(5):27–52.
Bakker AW, Schippers B, 1987. Microbial cyanide production in the rhizosphere in relation to potato yield reduction and Pseudomonas sp. Plant growth stimulation. Soil Biology biochemistry 19: 551.
Barnet HL, Hunter B, 1972. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, USA.
Behrani GQ, Syed RN, Abro MA, Jiskani MM, Khanzada MM, 2015. Pathogenicity and chemical control of basal rot of onion caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary 31: 60–70.
Belete E, Ayalew A, Ahmed S, 2015. Evaluation of local isolates of Trichoderma spp. against Black root rot (Fusarium solani) on Faba bean. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology 6(6): 279.
Bettucci L, Correa A, Roquebert MF, 1996. Trichozianins activity on mycelial growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under laboratory conditions. Cryptogamie Mycologie 17: 123–8.
Bhattacharjee R, Dey U, 2014. An overview of fungal and bacterial biopesticides to control plant pathogens/diseases. African Journal of Microbiology Research 8(17): 1749–1762.
Blaszczyk L, Siwulski M, Sobieralski K, Lisiecka L, Jedryczka M, 2014. Trichoderma spp. application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry. Journal of Plant Protection Research 54(4): 309–317.
Boerema GH, Gruyter de, Noordeloos J, Hamers MEC, 2004. Phoma Identification Manual. Differentiation of specific and intra-specific taxa in culture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
Booth C, 1985. The genus Fusarium. 2nd Ed., Surrey Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, 237 pp.
Brown M, 2012. Population of Azotobater in rhizosphere and effect of artificial inoculation. Plant and Soil 17(3): 15.
Brown W, 1924. A method of isolating single strains of fungi by cutting out a hyphal tip. Annals of Botany 38(150): 402–404.
Castillo HF, Reyes CF, Morales GG, Herrera RR, Aguilar C, 2013. Biological control of root pathogens by plant-growth promoting Bacillus spp. In: weed and pest control-conventional and new challenges. Intech Open, England.
Chemeda D, Melaku A, Alemu L, Tariku H, 2015. Integrated management of garlic white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk) using some fungicides and antifungal Trichoderma species. Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology 6(1): 1–9.
Chet I, 1987. Trichoderma -application, mode of action and potential as a biocontrol agent of soil borne plant pathogenic fungi. In: Innovative Approaches to Plant Diseases Control, Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
Chet I, Benhamou N, Haran S, 1998. Mycoparasitism and lytic enzymes. In: Harman GE, Kubicek CP (Eds.) Trichoderma and Gliocladium, vol 2. Enzymes, biological control and com-mercial applications. Taylor and Francis London, United Kingdom, pp. 153–171.
Chet J, 1990. Mycoparasitism–recognition, physiology and ecology. In: Baker RR, Dunn, PE (Eds) New Directions in Biological Control: Alternatives for. Suppressing Agricultural Pests and Diseases. Alan Liss, New York, pp. 725–733.
Chung IY, Wu WS, 2000. Effect of Bacillus megaterium. Review of Plant Pathology 80(1): 637.
Clarkson JP, Payne T, Mead A, Whipps JM, 2002. Selection of fungal biological control agents of Sclerotium cepivorum for control of white rot by sclerotial degradation in a UK soil. Plant Pathology 51(6): 735–745.
Coleman PM, Ellerbrock LA, 1997. Reachion of selected onion cultigens to pink root under field conditions in New York. Plant disease 81(2): 138–142.
Coskuntuna A, Ozer N, 2008. Biological control of onion basal rot disease using Trichoderma harzianum and induction of antifungal compounds in onion set following seed treatment. Crop Protection 27: 330–336.
Crowe F, Darnell T, Thornton M, Davis M, Mcgrath D, Koepsell P, Redondo E, Laborde J, 1993. White rot control studies show promise of better future. Onion World 9: 22–25.
Davis R, Hao JJ, Romberg MK, Nunez JJ, Smith RF, 2007. Efficacy of germination stimulants of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum for management of white rot of garlic. Plant Disease 91: 204–208.
Deising HB, Reimann S, Pascholati SF, 2008. Mechanisms and significance of fungicide resistance. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 39(2): 286–295.
Dhir B, 2017. Bio-fertilizers and Bio-pesticides: Eco-friendly Biological Agents. In Advances in Environmental Biotechnology, Springer, Singapore, pp. 167–188.
Dragana B, Maja I, Jelena M, Dragana M, Zorica N, Jelica G, Maja K, 2018. Bacillus isolates as potential biocontrol agents of Fusarium clove rot of garlic. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 105(4): 369–376.
Ellojita R, Pradyumna T, Satyabrata N, Sanghamitra N, Raj KJ, 2016. Evaluation of Cultivated and Wild Allium Accessions for Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Section B: Biological Sciences 86(3): 643–649.
El-Meneisy Afaf ZA, Samah Abdelaziz M, Rabaa Yaseen YK, 2019. Biological control of onion white rot disease using different Bacillus spp. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 19(1): 64–73.
El-Mougy Nehal S, Mokhtar Abdel-Kader M, 2019. Biocontrol measures against onion basal rot incidence under natural field conditions. Journal of Plant Pathology 101: 579–586.
El-Naggar MAA, Zaki MF, El-Shawadfy MA, 2018. Management of onion root-rot diseases caused by soil born fungi under Middle Sinai conditions. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences 8(1): 91–99.
El-Sayed Embaby M, 2006. Using a biofungicide (Coniothyrum minitans Campbell.) in controlling some soilborne plant pathogenic fungi in Egypt. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2(6): 423–432.
El-Sheshtawi M, El-Gazzar T, Saad ASM, 2009. Comparative study between chemical and Non- chemical control against sclrotium cepivorum, the casual white rot of onion under Egyptian conditions. Mansoura University Journal of Agricultural Sciences 34(3): 2169–2182.
Embaby El-Sayed M, 2003. Using some new trends in controlling some storage and soil pathogenic microorganisms affect onion crops productivity. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture Moshtohor, Zagazig University (Benha branch), Egypt.
Entwistle AR 1990. Allium white rot and its control. Soil Use and Management 6: 201–209.
Haggag Karima HE, Elshahawy IE, Abd-El-Khair H, 2015. Antagonistic Activity of Bacillus and Pseudomonas Isolates Alone or in Combination with fungicides against some soil borne plant pathogen under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 23(10): 2354–2365.
Hamma IL, Ibrahim U, Mohammed AB, 2013. Growth, yield and economic performance of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as influenced by farm yard manure and spacing in Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development 2(1): 1–5.
Howell CR, 1998. The role of antibiosis. In: Harman, G.E. & Kubicek, C.P. (Eds.) Trichoderma and Gliocladium. Vol 2. Enzymes, biological control, and commercial applications. Taylor & Francis, London, England, pp. 173–184.
Kubicek CP, Harman GE, 2002. Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Basic Biology, Taxonomy and Genetics. Vol. I, CRC Press, USA, pp. 278.
Laura GP, Dolores MRM, Daniel PL, 2017. In vitro and field efficacy of three fungicides against Fusarium bulb rot of garlic. European Journal of Plant Pathology 148: 321–328.
Leslie JF, Summerell BA, 2006. The fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, Iowa, USA, pp. 388.
Lorito M, Farkas V, Rebuffat S, Bodo B, Kucibek CP, 1996. Cell wall synthesis is a major target of mycoparasite antagonism by Trichoderma harzianum. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 6382–6385.
Mahdizadehnaraghi R, Heydari A, Zamanizadeh HR, Rezaee S, Nikan J, 2015. Biological control of garlic (Allium) white rot disease using antagonistic fungi-based bioformulations. Journal of Plant Protection Research 55(2): 136–141.
Malathi S, 2015. Biological control of onion basal rot caused byFusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 10(1): 21–26.
Manoj KM, Ramji S, Ajay T, 2014. In vitro evaluation of antagonistic activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens against fungal pathogen. Journal of Biopesticides 7(1): 43–46.
Martins N, Petropoulos S, Ferreira I, 2016. Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: a review. Food Chemistry 211: 41–50.
Mishra RK, Sharma P, Srivastava DK, Gupta RP, 2012. First report of Phoma terrestris causing pink root rot of onion in India. International Journal of Plant Research 25(2): 306–307.
Netzer D, Rabinowitch D, Weintal CH, 1985. Greenhouse technique to evaluate onion resistance to pink root. Euphytica 34: 385–391.
Poter IJ, Merriman PR, Keane PJ, 1989. Integrated control of pink root of onions by dazomet and soil solarization. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40: 861–869.
Rajendran K, Ranganathan K,1996. Biological control of onion basal rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae) by combined application of fungal and bacterial antagonists. Journal of Biological Control 10: 97–102.
Rakh RR, Raut SL, Dalvi MS, Manwar VA, 2011. Biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii, causing stem rot of Groundnut by Pseudomonas cf. monteilii. Journal of Microbiology 3: 26–34.
Rangaswami G, 1958. An agar blocks technique for isolating soil micro- organisms with special reference to pythiaceous fungi. Science and Culture 24: 85.
Rangaswami G, 1972. Diseases of crop plants in India. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp. 520.
Rengwalska MM, Simon PW, 1986. Laboratory evaluation of pink root and fusarium basal rot resistance in garlic. Plant Disease 70: 670–672.
Salama OUF, Mohamed IA, Ahmed EI, 2008. In vitro evaluation of the biocontrol activity of some biofungicides on Sclerotium cepivorum. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 10(3): 241–248.
Sallam Nashwa A, Riad Shaima N, Mohamed SM, Ahmed S, 2013. Formulation of Bacillus spp. And Pseudomonas fluorescens for biocontrol of cantaloupe root rot caused by Fusarium solani. Journal of Plant Protection Research 53(3): 296–300.
Schwartz HF, Mohan SK, 2008. Compendium of onion and garlic diseases. 2nd edn. American Phytopathological Society Press. St Paul, MN, USA.
Shalaby IMS, El-Korashy M, Ismail AA, 2002. Pink root of garlic in Egypt: Occurrence, Pathogenicity and its relation with basal rot. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science 17(10) 544–555.
Shalaby ME, Ghoniem KE, El-Diehi MA, 2013. Biological and fungicidal antagonism of Sclerotium cepivorum for controlling onion white rot disease. Annals of Microbiology 63: 1579–1589.
Shalaby SIM, Morsy SMA, Abd El Baky AA, 2012. Evaluation of some assays techniques for determination of susceptibllity of garlic cultivars to the pink root disease. Mansoura Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 3(7): 657–666.
Shatla MNZ, El-Shanawy AMB, Hanafi AA, 1980. Studies on Sclerotium cepivorum Berk Toxins. Menoufia Journal of Agriculture Research 3: 1–16.
Shi M, Chen L, Wang XW, Zhang T, Zhao PB, Song XY, 2012. Antimicrobial peptaibols from Trichoderma pseudokoningii induce programmed cell death in plant fungal pathogens. Microbiology 158: 166–175.
Waksman SA, 1922. A Method for Counting the Number of Fungi in the Soil. Journal of Bacteriology 7: 339–341.
Zlata DKS, Jelena TL, Stevan NM, Jelica MGV, Mirjana AV, Svjetlana RA, 2008. Fusarium rot of onion and possible use of bioproduct. Proceedings of the Matica Srpska for Natural Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia 114: 135—148.
Published
2021-03-20
How to Cite
Abd-Elaziz, M. A., El-Sheikh Aly, M. M., & Mohamed, A.-E. A. (2021). Biological control of some garlic diseases using antagonistic fungi and bacteria. Journal of Phytopathology and Disease Management, 8(1), 46–63. Retrieved from https://ppmj.net/index.php/ppmj/article/view/212
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